Definition and Examples of Language Death

Language death is a  linguistic term for the end or extinction of a language. Also called language extinction. Language Extinction Distinctions are commonly drawn between an endangered language (one with few or no children learning the language) and an extinct language (one in which the last native speaker has died).   A Language Dies Every Two Weeks Linguist David Crystal has estimated that one language [is] dying out somewhere in the world, on average, every two weeks (By Hook or by Crook: A Journey in Search of English, 2008). Language Death Every 14 days a language dies. By 2100, more than half of the more than 7,000 languages spoken on Earth--many of them not yet recorded--may disappear, taking with them a wealth of knowledge about history, culture, the natural environment, and the human brain. (National Geographic Society, Enduring Voices Project)I am always sorry when any language is lost, because languages are the pedigree of nations. (Samuel Johnson, quoted by James Boswell in The Journal of a Tour to the Hebrides, 1785)Language death occurs in unstable bilingual or multilingual speech communities as a result of language shift from a regressive minority language to a dominant majority language. (Wolfgang Dressler, Language Death. 1988)Aboriginal Australia holds some of the worlds most endangered languages including Amurdag, which was believed to be extinct until a few years ago when linguists came across speaker Charlie Mangulda living in the Northern Territory.(Holly Bentley, Mind Your Language. The Guardian, Aug. 13, 2010) The Effects of a Dominant Language A language is said to be dead when no one speaks it any more. It may continue to have existence in recorded form, of course--traditionally in writing, more recently as part of a sound or video archive (and it does in a sense live on in this way)--but unless it has fluent speakers one would not talk of it as a living language. . . .The effects of a dominant language vary markedly in different parts of the world, as do attitudes towards it. In Australia, the presence of English has, directly or indirectly, caused great linguistic devastation, with 90% of languages moribund. But English is not the language which is dominant throughout Latin America: if languages are dying there, it is not through any fault of English. Moreover, the presence of a dominant language does not automatically result in a 90% extinction rate. Russian has long been dominant in the countries of the former USSR, but there the total destruction of local languages has been estimated to be only (sic) 50%.(David Cryst al, Language Death. Cambridge University Press, 2002) Aesthetic Loss The main loss when a language dies is not cultural but aesthetic. The click sounds in certain African languages are magnificent to hear. In many Amazonian languages, when you say something you have to specify, with a suffix, where you got the information. The Ket language of Siberia is so awesomely irregular as to seem a work of art.But let’s remember that this aesthetic delight is mainly savored by the outside observer, often a professional savorer like myself. Professional linguists or anthropologists are part of a distinct human minority. . . .At the end of the day, language death is, ironically, a symptom of people coming together. Globalization means hitherto isolated peoples migrating and sharing space. For them to do so and still maintain distinct languages across generations happens only amidst unusually tenacious self-isolation--such as that of the Amish--or brutal segregation. (Jews did not speak Yiddish in order to revel in their diversity but because they lived in an apartheid society.)(John McWhorter, The Cosmopolitan Tongue: The Universality of English. World Affairs Journal, Fall 2009) Steps to Preserve a Language [T]he best non-linguists can do, in North-America, towards preserving languages, dialects, vocabularies and the like is, among other possible actions, (French linguist Claude Hagà ¨ge, author of On the Death and Life of Languages, in Q and A: The Death of Languages. The New York Times, Dec. 16, 2009) Participating in associations which, in the US and Canada, work to obtain from local and national governments a recognition of the importance of Indian languages (prosecuted and led to quasi-extinction during the XIXth century) and cultures, such as those of the Algonquian, Athabaskan, Haida, Na-Dene, Nootkan, Penutian, Salishan, Tlingit communities, to name just a few;Participating in funding the creation of schools and the appointment and payment of competent teachers;Participating in the training of linguists and ethnologists belonging to Indian tribes, in order to foster the publication of grammars and dictionaries, which should also be financially helped;Acting in order to introduce the knowledge of Indian cultures as one of the important topics in American and Canadian TV and radio programs. An Endangered Language in Tabasco The language of Ayapaneco has been spoken in the land now known as Mexico for centuries. It has survived the Spanish conquest, seen off wars, revolutions, famines and floods. But now, like so many other indigenous languages, its at risk of extinction.There are just two people left who can speak it fluently--but they refuse to talk to each other. Manuel Segovia, 75, and Isidro Velazquez, 69, live 500 metres apart in the village of Ayapa in the tropical lowlands of the southern state of Tabasco. It is not clear whether there is a long-buried argument behind their mutual avoidance, but people who know them say they have never really enjoyed each others company.They dont have a lot in common, says Daniel Suslak, a linguistic anthropologist from Indiana University, who is involved with a project to produce a dictionary of Ayapaneco. Segovia, he says, can be a little prickly and Velazquez, who is more stoic, rarely likes to leave his home.The dictionary is part of a race against time to re vitalize the language before it is definitively too late. When I was a boy everybody spoke it, Segovia told the Guardian by phone. Its disappeared little by little, and now I suppose it might die with me. (Jo Tuckman, Language at Risk of Dying Out--Last Two Speakers Arent Talking. The Guardian, April 13, 2011)Those linguists racing to save dying languages--urging villagers to raise their children in the small and threatened language rather than the bigger national language--face criticism that they are unintentionally helping keep people impoverished by encouraging them to stay in a small-language ghetto. (Robert Lane Greene, You Are What You Speak. Delacorte, 2011)

Computer Security As A Critical Problem For Computer Systems

ABSTRACT Over the past decade computer networks have rapid growth, but the computer security became a critical problem for computer systems. Thus in the recent years various soft computing technique based methods were proposed to detects the growth of intrusion. Also many researchers have reported that the large set of pattern classifications and machine learning algorithms are trained and testing is made on the knowledge discovery data intrusion detection dataset is unsuccessful in finding the remote-to-local attacks and user-to root attacks. Moreover Hyperbolic Hopfield Neural Network(HHNN) based Intrusion Detection Systems (IDSs) detection stability, detection ratio, particularly low-frequent attacks are still required to be improved. Thus this paper proposes a new method known as K-Medoids-HNNN using the technique HHNN and K-Medoids clustering. This system achieves the higher intrusion detection rate, detection stability and less false positive rate. At first the proposed system implements the K-Medoids clustering technique on the various training subsets. Afterwards a mono HHNN model is trained using the different training subsets to detect the intrusion. The experimental results shows the K-Medoids-HHNN approach achieve better results rather than other framework. Keywords: Network Security, Intrusion Detection System, Hyperbolic Hopfield Neural Network, K-Medoids Clustering approach 1. INTRODUCTION In the last decades, the computer network systems are veryShow MoreRelatedSecurity And Risks Of Information Systems Essay1268 Words   |  6 Pages Most significant IS security and risk issues Information systems have developed rapidly over time and are being relied by more people. With the increasing reliability of Information Systems, businesses have adopted them a lot. Companies or businesses using Information System have an advantage in competitiveness and efficiency (Hilton, 2013). AIC uses an IS in its activities to enhance communication and collaboration. Due to the wide use, Information Systems have become an important part of everydayRead MoreThe Problem Of Cyber Warfare1531 Words   |  7 PagesIn computer science, there is a law named â€Å"Moore s Law† which states that every eighteen to twenty-four months, the number of transistors that can fit on a computer chip will double. This exponential growth of computing power has brought the human race to a point where we can almost no longer be completely human. While these advancements were done with strong and positive intentions, new security dangers have arisen along with them. 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While our technology becomes increasingly more advanced so does the ability to steal information from these systems. Cyber Security is one of the biggest threats our nation faces as we become more dependent on the use of technology in our day to day lives. What is Cyber Security? The International Telecommunication Union (ITU) defines Cyber Security as â€Å"Cybersecurity is the collectionRead MoreThe International Telecommunication Union ( Itu ) Defines Cyber Security1547 Words   |  7 Pagescelestial bodies known in our solar system, our technology has literally and figuratively rocketed the human race into the future. While our technology becomes increasingly more advanced so does the ability to steal information from these systems. Cyber Security is one of the biggest threats our nation faces as we become more dependent on the use of technology in our day to day lives. What is Cyber Security? The International Telecommunication Union (ITU) defines Cyber Security as â€Å"Cybersecurity is the collectionRead MoreInformation Technology And Its Impact On Our Lives1731 Words   |  7 Pages Abstract First thing that comes to mind when we talk about information technology (IT) security is computer security. In todays world, as we know technology is on the rise and more and more threats are accruing each day. By increasing and taking proper security measures in the world of evolving information technology has assist organizations in protecting they information assets. As society has grown more complex, the significance of sharing and securing the important resource of information hasRead MoreNuclear Facilities Are Among The Most Highly Secured Infrastructure1592 Words   |  7 Pagesinfrastructure in the nation. As analog system and instruments are becoming obsolete, the nuclear industry is starting to implement new digital systems throughout different facilities. In order to lower the risks of physical and cyber-attacks, nuclear facilities are adopting strict protection policy and practices. Despite the implementation of these safety measures, digital instruments and computer-b ased systems associated with physical protection system and control system inside the facilities can stillRead MoreSecuring And Protecting Information Protection1449 Words   |  6 Pagescommodity that individuals and global corporations use to grow financially, economically, and independently. The protection and security of the information is essential. One of the most vital foundations of protection information is the authentication process. The authentication process is utilized to protect computer and network systems against various types of security threats, such as password-cracking tools, password dictionary attacks, mistreatment of user access rights, and any potential unauthorizedRead MorePresident Reagan Signed Into Law A National Security Decision Directive1344 Words   |  6 Pages 1984 President Reagan signed into law a national security decision directive, NSDD-145, titled â€Å"National Policy on Telecommunications and Automated Information System Security†. Even at that time, the government officials understood that computers were susceptible to interception, unauthorized electronic access, and related form of technical espionage and exploitation. It was noted, that hostile agencies were â€Å"extensively† hacking into computers, and that terrorist groups and criminal enterprisesRead MoreA Research Project On Cyber Security1230 Words   |  5 Pages Cyber Security Introduction: - for my research project, I would like to explore about the cyber security measures. Cybersecurity covers the fundamental concepts underlying the construction of secure systems from the hardware to the software to the human computer interface, with the use of cryptography to secure interactions. These concepts are easily augmented with hands-on exercises involving relevant tools and techniques. We have different types of computer related crimes, cybercrimes

Ban The Box Or Fair Chance Policy Essay - 1416 Words

Ban the Box or Fair Chance Policy is a policy currently in the works for ending the discrimination of ex-convicts and ex-felons when seeking employment due to their criminal history. This policy gives previously and recently released ex-convicts and ex-felons the chance to achieve a long lasting stable employment. It gives the recently increased for the employers consider a job candidate’s qualifications first, without the stigma of a criminal record. This policy touch on the bases on the individuals being released from correctional institutions. This policy is trying to address the social problem of employment discrimination of ex-convicts and ex-felons. This policy focus are the individuals who are either recently released from prison or jail and individuals who have been out of prison or jail who are struggling to achieve stable implement but cannot due to criminal history. Currently this policy is being implemented in 23 states: California, Colorado, Connecticut, Delaware , Georgia, Hawaii, Illinois, Louisiana, Maryland, Massachusetts. Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, New Jersey, New Mexico, New York, Ohio, Oklahoma, Oregon, Rhode Island, Tennessee, Vermont, Virginia, and Wisconsin. Florida has not yet joined. I believe that Ban the Box should become a federal law where all 50 U.S. states must abide by this policy once the law is enacted. According to the Ban the Box campaign, they was started initially by All of Us or None, a national civil rights movement ofShow MoreRelatedBan The Box Legislation944 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"Ban the Box† legislation takes the question about conviction history off of the job application and delays when the employer can ask about an applicant’s criminal history and/or run a criminal background check. 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Cousin Kate Essay Example For Students

Cousin Kate Essay The poem Cousin Kate is about a young cottage maiden who falls pregnant b the Lord of the manor, she thought he loved her but he didnt and when he found out she was pregnant he changed like a glove, now he is marrying her cousin, (Kate) bound you with his ring and she is left with no one because as she pregnant and not married no-one wants to speak to her and everyone where she lives thinks she disgusting an unclean thing The poem is written by Christina Rossetti and is set in the 19th century; the setting is a small plantation in a small village. The main themes within Cousin Kate are love and relationships and how people can get hurt and let down easily by the other person. The cottage maidens love I think was nai ve but I think she did truly love him, he obviously didnt feel the same way and used her for what he could get from her, and he succeeded, he took he virginity from her and thought nothing of ending the relationship with the cottage maiden even though (I think) she was a young innocent girl. The relationship between Cousin Kate and the Lord is true love, he has finally realized he cannot keep getting young girls into trouble and must be serious about Kate if he is prepared to marry her and as Kate is a good and pure girl it is even better. The lord asked for Kates hand in marriage and she accepted. The cottage maid thought that he married Kate because she was innocent and pure, Because you were so good and pure/He bound you with his ring the cottage maiden is in complete contrast to her cousin. The only good thing that came out of this was the cottage maiden had a hild, Yet Ive a gift you have not got and my fair-haired son. Their love is described by the Cottage Maiden as being writ in sand. I think that one of the messages in this poems was at this time is that society thought men were better than women and had more rights than women we can see this in the poem because the lord was just able to pick who he wanted and change the last girl like a glove. The lord abuses his power because he knows that the women cannot refuse him because they work for him and would not refuse him because he is wealthy and they are living in a time of bad poverty. The cottage maiden is feeling very hurt and bitter not only towards the Lord but also to her Cousin Kate as they are related and she was with the lord first and is carrying his child. Cousin Kate is written in the first person tense- from the point of view of the cottage maiden; therefore it allows her to express a number of opinions and feelings. Like I said above the mood of the poems is a very angry and bitter one, feelings are shown by the use of images such as the cottage maiden says she, might have been a dove if she had not fallen for the advances of the lord. She uses the image of the dove in order to allude to her innocence. The similes in the poem work well in expressing the cottage maidens emotions and help to create a an angry and sad mood to the poem, some examples of these similes are he wore me like a silken knot this sentence links the treatment of the cottage maiden with treatment of discarded clothing, he changed me like a glove this sentence shows how quickly and easily the Lord dumped the Cottage maiden for her cousin. .u615dde32a2b4c24f92b54be66555f868 , .u615dde32a2b4c24f92b54be66555f868 .postImageUrl , .u615dde32a2b4c24f92b54be66555f868 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u615dde32a2b4c24f92b54be66555f868 , .u615dde32a2b4c24f92b54be66555f868:hover , .u615dde32a2b4c24f92b54be66555f868:visited , .u615dde32a2b4c24f92b54be66555f868:active { border:0!important; } .u615dde32a2b4c24f92b54be66555f868 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u615dde32a2b4c24f92b54be66555f868 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u615dde32a2b4c24f92b54be66555f868:active , .u615dde32a2b4c24f92b54be66555f868:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u615dde32a2b4c24f92b54be66555f868 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u615dde32a2b4c24f92b54be66555f868 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u615dde32a2b4c24f92b54be66555f868 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u615dde32a2b4c24f92b54be66555f868 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u615dde32a2b4c24f92b54be66555f868:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u615dde32a2b4c24f92b54be66555f868 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u615dde32a2b4c24f92b54be66555f868 .u615dde32a2b4c24f92b54be66555f868-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u615dde32a2b4c24f92b54be66555f868:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Ted Hughes's poems Analysis EssayIn Cousin Kate we learn about a male character known as the Lord, we do not know a lot about him except that he is a very wealthy man palace home, when reading the poem I instantly thought that he was hard, cruel and had, had lots of girlfriends but no where in the poem does it say this I think Christina Rossetti uses a certain language when writing about the lord to make use feel this. He treats the cottage Maiden unfairly, she didnt get herself pregnant on purpose it was a much his fault as it was hers, so instead of leaving her to be a single parent and bring the child up on her own he should take some responsibility and help her instead of ignoring her and marrying her cousin! The lord has power over women; in particular he uses his wealth and charm to seduce the cottage maiden. Christina Rossetti makes us dislike the lord by using sentences such as he lured me this sentence makes him sound like a dirty, old man or a creep, he chose you and cast me by this sentence shows that once he had, had his wicked way with the woman he would just disregard her and pick another one. The poem has a female as the central character, we dont know her name but we do know that she works as a cottage maiden and has a lord as her boss. She is presented to be a young and naive women. I think that she is young because of things that describe her life contented with my cottage mates not mindful I was fair she fell in love with the lord but he used her, after she found out she was pregnant but he wants nothing to do with her or the child, she hates him for this I would spit in his face but I think she is still in love with him, she is not only angry at the way hes treated her but she is also very hurt. She thought he loved her back thats why she is so heartbroken my love was true. The cottage maiden is also confused she wants to know why he used and abused her why did the great lord find me out, to fill my heart with care? she wants some simple answers to why she has been so badly treated. Its not only the Lord that has treated her badly because she is pregnant and not married the people in the village are disgraced the neighbors call me the unclean thing. In the olden days if you were not married and fell pregnant or single and found out that you were pregnant people were appalled, your family would have been ashamed of you and may even have disowned you! So a single parents fate was they would probably have stayed single because people were so disgusted with them, not had many friends and they would have been very poor. The cottage maiden in my opinion is a strong person, obviously she is hurt and upset but she doesnt seem to let what people think about her upset her a lot, she knows that one day the lord will want her child to wear his coronet so she is just waiting for that time. In conclusion, we can see that the poem has a good meaning it maybe sad the beginning as the cottage maiden was treated so cruelly and badly by the lord but in but in the end the cottage maiden will get what she deserves because she knows that her cousin Kate cannot have children so the lord will eventually (maybe) want to marry the cottage maiden because she has a child by him and he will want a son to carry on his family name and business.